tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:/posts SWMM5, InfoSWMM 2016-03-01T20:39:19Z Robert Dickinson tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/592155 2013-08-04T09:07:41Z 2013-10-08T17:27:58Z History of SWMM to the Year 2005
Subject:   History of SWMM to the Year 2005

Note on the symbols:  The Gator is the University of Florida and the Beaver is Oregon State University.  The connection is they are both associated with water and Dr Wayne Huber.









For Post 2005 History of SWMM 5 you can see the history of SWMM 5 on the SWMM5 Wikipedia page

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] is a dynamic rainfall-runoff-subsurface runoff simulation model used for single-event to long-term (continuous) simulation of the surface/subsurface hydrology quantity and quality from primarily urban/suburban areas. The hydrology component of SWMM operates on a collection of subcatchment areas divided into impervious and pervious areas with and without depression storage to predict runoff and pollutant loads from precipitation, evaporation and infiltration losses from each of the subcatchment. In addition Low Impact Development (LID) and Best Management Practice (BMP) areas on the subcatchment can be modeled to reduce the impervious and pervious runoff. The routing or hydraulics section of SWMM transports this water and possible associated water quality constituents through a system of closed pipes, open channels, storage/treatment devices, ponds, storages, pumps, orifices, weirs, outlets, outfalls and other regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of the flow generated within each subcatchment, and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period composed of multiple fixed or variable time steps. The water quality constituents such as water quality constituents can be simulated from buildup on the subcatchments through washoff to a hydraulic network with optional first order decay and linked pollutant removal, Best Management Practice (BMP) and Low Impact Development (LID) removal and treatment can be simulated at selected storage nodes. SWMM is one of the hydrology transport models which the EPA and other agencies have applied widely throughout North America and through consultants and universities throughout the world.


SWMM was first developed between 1969–1971 and has undergone several major upgrades since those years. The major upgrades were: (1) Version 2 in 1975, (2) Version 3 in 1981 and (3) Version 4 in 1988. The current SWMM edition, Version 5, is a complete re-write of the previous Fortran releases in the programming language C, and it can be run under Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 and with a recomplilation under Unix. The code for SWMM5 is open open source and public public domain code that can be downloaded from the EPA Web Site.



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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/270709 2013-03-29T13:52:47Z 2013-10-08T16:18:57Z Odd DWF Patterns in H20Map SWMM and SWMM5

1.       Have TWO Rows of DWF.

2.      One Row will have the normal day pattern times a weekly pattern that turns off the flow on Wednesday

3.      One Row will have the odd day pattern with a weekly flow pattern that turns off the flow on every day BUT Wednesday – see an example output below]]>
Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/257435 2013-03-28T23:37:58Z 2013-10-08T16:16:16Z Changes and Improvements for H2OMAP Sewer 10.5 Update 8

Update number 8 for H2OMap Sewer which you can get from the Innovyze Web Site 

Changes and Improvements for H2OMAP Sewer 10.5 Update 8

Added confirmation message for Reset Facility and Reset Domain command for the Toolbar. (Updated file: SewerMap.exe, Provided by: Released date: 3/6/2013 11:43:53 AM)

HGL Advanced Labeling for Links now shows the Downstream Invert as well as the Upstream Invert Elevation (Updated file: HeOutPkg.dll, Provided by: Released date: 1/31/2013 5:10:42 PM)

Fix Annotation Domain check box crash when the Annotation dialog box is opening (Updated file: SewerMap.exe, Released date: 1/28/2013 4:37:13 PM)

 

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/257412 2013-03-28T23:27:06Z 2013-10-08T16:16:15Z InfoWorks ICM V3.5 Launches New Era of Smart Integrated Catchment Modeling


Innovyze Press Release

InfoWorks ICM V3.5 Launches New Era of Smart Integrated Catchment Modeling
Major Advances in New Release Deliver Today’s Best-in-Class Solution
Broomfield, Colorado USA, March 26, 2013 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of business analytics software and technologies for smart wet infrastructure, today announced the release of the V3.5 Generation ofInfoWorks ICM. A comprehensive urban drainage modeling solution enabling users to work more efficiently and get the reliable information they need to make better design and operational decisions for optimal performance, InfoWorks ICM has rapidly become the solution of choice for integrated river, sewer and overland flow modeling among utilities, municipalities, local authorities and their consultants around the world. This release represents the leading edge in integrated, best-in-class smart catchment modeling for water utilities and river authorities. It incorporates many of the features requested by its global customer base —   clear indication of the Innovyze commitment to providing its users with significant value and competitive advantages while quickly responding to their needs.

A hallmark of InfoWorks ICM is its dynamic integration of one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic simulation of flows in rivers, open channels and pipe networks and two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic simulation of surface flooding in the urban environment and river floodplain. The combination, achieved through an implicit coupling of 1D and 2D flow equations, provides a powerful solution for simultaneously modeling belowground and aboveground elements of catchments to accurately represent all flow paths and improve understanding of processes occurring in the holistic environment. The software also takes interactions of natural and man-made environments into account, and effectively simulates the impact of polluting runoff and effluent from urban areas on water quality.

Such advanced features give water utilities greatly enhanced capabilities for predicting flood risks; supporting cost-effective drainage design and management; developing online urban flooding forecasts; conceiving and evaluating sound and reliable urban catchment strategies such as storm sewer separation, active real-time control and provision of adequate additional storage; and improving drainage system operation.

InfoWorks ICM V3.5 delivers groundbreaking gains in speed, fidelity and productivity for both 1D and 2D simulations of large and complex models. It also provides direct support to all 2D structures, including bridges, as well as sophisticated 1D/2D breach (dam break) modeling. The 1D model is used to represent breach growth and flow, while the 2D model is used to predict flood propagation in the inundated areas. This integrated 1D/2D approach allows improved flood risk and damage evaluation and better assessment of effective mitigation measures. V3.5 also includes numerous improvements in river and water quality modeling as well as enhanced results presentation including comprehensive statistical reporting of 2D simulation results. New functionalities also include hydrogen sulfide modeling and support of the Federal Highway Administration inlet and access hole energy loss method (FHWA HEC 22) and scalar and spatial Time Series Databases (TSDBs).

For a complete list of new features, visit the “What’s New” section of the online help for InfoWorks ICM V3.5.

“Innovyze has a long history of aggressive investment in R&D to ensure that its smart network modeling and management solutions lead the industry. InfoWorks ICM V3.5 represents the fullest expression of that technology leadership,” said Paul F. Boulos, Ph.D., BCEEM, Hon.D.WRE, Dist.D.NE, F.ASCE, President and Chief Operating Officer of Innovyze. “The new release is a full generation ahead of other solutions available today, giving engineering professionals the most advanced and comprehensive toolset for planning, designing, operating and sustaining safe and reliable drainage systems that effectively protect public health and our waterways. The fact that customers are adopting the groundbreaking technology at a rapid pace reinforces our commitment to staying well ahead of the curve.”

Pricing and Availability
InfoWorks ICM V3.5 is now available worldwide by subscription. Upgrade prices are available for existingInfoWorks CS and InfoWorks RS users. Subscription members can immediately download the new version free of charge directly from www.innovyze.com  The Innovyze Subscription Program is a friendly customer support and software maintenance program that ensures the longevity and usefulness of Innovyze products. It gives subscribers instant access to new functionality as it is developed, along with automatic software updates and upgrades. For the latest information on the Innovyze Subscription Program, visit www.innovyze.com or contact your local Innovyze Channel Partner.
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69323 2013-02-19T18:02:29Z 2013-10-08T15:36:18Z Innovyze Releases ICM TSDB, Enabling Real-Time Data and Event Management

Innovyze Releases ICM TSDB, Enabling Real-Time Data and Event Management

New Time-Series Database Allows Users to Transform Real-Time and Historical Data and Events into Actionable Information for Comprehensive Urban and Rural Catchment Modeling

Broomfield, Colorado, USA, February 19, 2013

Innovyze, a leading global innovator of wet infrastructure modeling and simulation software and technologies, today announced the worldwide release of ICM TSDB. For the first time, this revolutionary time-series database for industry-leading InfoWorks ICM lets utilities archive, analyze and aggregate real-time and historical data, including radar images and meteorological forecasts, into user-defined actionable information. They can then use this data to drive simulations of past and future events for optimal management of urban and rural catchment systems.

Despite the widespread availability and use of 2D rainfall data and time-series network data (e.g., rain gauge, level gauge, flow gauge), collection system models are not continuously updated with real-time field and radar data. Their applications are therefore generally confined to offline analyses. While such analyses can provide useful information for network design and long-range capital planning applications, they lack the predictive accuracy critical to operational and emergency event management. ICM TSDB provides accurate network performance and operational information from real-time data, enabling engineers and operators to quickly and reliably assess the integrity of the network and respond to potential overflows, flooding and other non-routine events.

ICM TSDB extends the utility of smart network modeling to encompass real-time field and radar data-driven simulations and predictive forecasting capabilities. It brings all relevant data from disparate sources into a single system readily available for detailed analysis using InfoWorks ICM. This enables operators to detect problems before they become events, and gives them crucial time to react and reduce or eliminate the impacts of these events. Such advanced capabilities greatly enhance the ability of wastewater utilities and river authorities to predict flood risks, support cost-effective drainage management and online urban flooding forecasts, and improve drainage system operation.

ICM TSDB delivers a powerful combination of 2D rainfall data and time-series data, along with a suite of analytic and visualization tools that monitor the performance and capacity of collection systems. It gives users a comprehensive, real-time view into current system operations, enabling them to make informed, timely decisions. ICM TSDB provides:
  • Flexible import, storage and export of time-series data including import from existing InfoWorks ICM events
  • Import, storage and export of 2D rainfall data on a range of geometries (both Cartesian and Polar) with a variety of source formats
  • Visualization and animation of 2D rainfall data
  • Creation, storage and management of user edits of time-series data
  • Addition of missing data or deletion/change of invalid data
  • Creation of custom overrides of the base data (what-if scenarios)
  • Merging of externally-supplied, user-edited and recurrent time series for input to a simulation or comparison with simulation results
  • Interpolation of time-series data at various stages in the data flow
  • Combination of rain gauge profiles and 2D rainfall profiles for direct simulation, including time-dependent prioritization of sources
  • Ability to use non-regular time steps for time-varying data (e.g., inflows, levels)
  • Seamless integration with any InfoWorks ICM model

ICM TSDB elevates the standards for smart network modeling by enabling operational and engineering level integration throughout the utility organization,” said Paul F. Boulos, Ph.D., BCEEM, Hon.D.WRE, Dist.D.NE, F.ASCE, President and Chief Operating Officer of Innovyze. “This critical software tool will allow utilities and river authorities to productively learn from past events as well as effectively monitor, forecast and better react to future events. These capabilities enable a new level of vulnerability assessment and collection system protection while reducing or eliminating property and environmental damages and safeguarding public health. This is another step in our ongoing commitment to delivering superior value to our customers who plan, design, manage, operate, and sustain safe, reliable water and wastewater infrastructure systems.”

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69350 2013-02-14T17:46:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:19Z Genetic Algorithm and GIS Addons to InfoSWMM

Genetic Algorithm and GIS Addons to InfoSWMM

 

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69375 2013-02-12T17:45:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:19Z Innovyze Releases BalanceNet for IWLive, Next Generation of Real-Time Operations Optimization Software for Smarter Water Utilities
Innovyze Press Release
 Insider BlogLinkedInTwitterYouTube
Innovyze Releases BalanceNet for IWLive,
Next Generation of Real-Time Operations Optimization Software for Smarter Water Utilities
New Release Raises Bar for Energy Management and Sustainability Software,
Delivers Economic, Operational and Environmental Benefits
Broomfield, Colorado USA, February 12, 2013 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of wet infrastructure modeling and simulation software and technologies, today announced the release of BalanceNetfor IWLive  This new state-of-the-art real-time energy management and sustainability solution for drinking water distribution systems is designed to change the way water utility operators around the world make informed decisions on operating and managing their complex water networks to minimize energy costs and environmental impact while meeting production and performance requirements.

Water utilities are energy-intensive, and consumers use water in energy-intensive ways, like water heating and pressurizing. Approximately 80% of municipal water processing and distribution costs are for electricity, the vast majority of it consumed by pumps. In California, water-related energy use consumes roughly 20 percent of the state’s electricity, 30 percent of its natural gas, and 88 billion gallons of diesel fuel every year — and the demand is growing. Nationally, About 13 percent of U.S. electricity consumption is related to water, and the CO2 embedded in the nation’s water represents 5% of all U.S. carbon emissions.

BalanceNet is designed expressly to assist water distribution system operators and train new operators in managing their energy consumption more effectively. It does so by equipping control rooms with the unprecedented real-time ability to develop sound, cost-effective pump scheduling policies that reduce operational and chemical costs, improve system performance and enable more reliable operations.

Designed for online applications with existing SCADA systems, BalanceNet reads real-time field data, instantly updates the network model and determines which pump and treatment plant schedules will yield the lowest operating cost while satisfying the desired system performance requirements (e.g., target tank trajectory curves, minimum and maximum flows and velocities, total pump flows). It uniquely combines an optimized mass balance model with an advanced network solver to quickly produce a set of near-ideal solutions for improving system operations. The network solver automatically defines the mass balance model, accounting for changes in demand, controls and other factors in each time step. The mass balance model is then optimized using Genetic Algorithms. Both energy consumption and pump switching costs are explicitly considered, and JET, Oracle, SQL and Pi databases are fully supported. The optimized pumping schedule can then be fed to the SCADA system for use in implementing resulting network control policies. These advantages represent fundamental advances in how readily water utilities operators can evaluate the efficiency of their water networks, then quickly and confidently develop improved system operations and more reliable performance.

“Since day one, our mission has been to bring powerful product development capabilities to the smart water network modeling community and foster its expansion,” said Paul F. Boulos, Ph.D., BCEEM, Hon.D.WRE,Dist.D.NE, F.ASCE, President and Chief Operating Officer of Innovyze. “BalanceNet is a significant leap — an invaluable new water distribution systems planning and operations tool that will greatly aid utilities in improving the efficiency of their distribution systems and ensuring more reliable operations at maximum cost savings. This new software greatly enhances their ability to produce the best possible pumping schedules with minimum effort, reduced labor requirements and significant cost savings. The release demonstrates our strong commitment to continually delivering innovative technologies and superior value to our customers who manage, operate and sustain safe, reliable drinking water distribution systems. Innovyze is very proud to offer this revolutionary new power tool to the global waterworks industry.”

Pricing and Availability
BalanceNet for IWLive is available by subscription worldwide. For the latest information on the Innovyze Subscription Program, visit www.innovyze.com or contact your local Innovyze Channel Partner.
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69398 2013-02-12T15:03:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:19Z You have one of the top 5% most viewed LinkedIn profiles for 2012
 
 
 
Robert, congratulations!
 
You have one of the top 5% most viewed LinkedIn profiles for 2012.
 
LinkedIn now has 200 million members. Thanks for
playing a unique part in our community!
 
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69419 2013-02-10T20:32:55Z 2013-10-08T15:36:20Z From the Dish - The Wisdom of Play

The Wisdom Of Play

FEB 10 2013 @ 1:43PM

Mark Rowland meditates on the well-lived life, arguing that it “is play, and not work, that gives value to our lives”:

It might be that most of the things we do in life we do for the sake of something else. But there are still some things we do just to do them — for their own sake and not for the sake of anything else. If the former category is work, then the latter category is play. Work is activity directed at an external goal. Play is activity whose goal is internal or intrinsic to it. In its pure form, play has no external purpose or reward. We play just to play. When my sons’ volleys have been sufficiently consistent and accurate, their tennis coach will instigate a game. He yells, ‘Fruit basket!’ and lobs several balls into the air in quick succession. They have to drop their rackets, run and catch the balls before they stop bouncing. This is done amid much cackling and squeals of delight on their part — almost as if the rest of their lesson was work aimed at unleashing this bout of play. I love watching this, because I cannot imagine a purer form of play. There is no external goal or purpose. My sons do it simply because at that precise moment in time — and the squeals of delight are testament to this — there is nothing in the world they would rather be doing.

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69449 2013-02-05T17:37:49Z 2013-10-08T15:36:20Z Innovyze Announces Release of ICMLive; Real-Time Operational Forecasting of Urban and Rural Catchments
Innovyze Press Release
 Insider BlogLinkedInTwitterYouTube
Innovyze Announces Release of ICMLive;
Real-Time Operational Forecasting of Urban and Rural Catchments
Revolutionary New Product Equips Water Utilities and River Authorities
with Unprecedented Decision-Making Capability
Broomfield, Colorado USA, February 05, 2013 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of wet infrastructure modeling and simulation software and technologies, today announced the worldwide release ofICMLive for real-time operational forecasting of urban and rural catchments. The pioneering release provides water utilities timely, accurate and reliable forecasts of what will happen within a catchment, based on past and current observations of a multitude of parameters along with future rainfall predictions. The product combines the comprehensive integrated catchment modeling capabilities of InfoWorks ICM with sophisticated real-time operational forecasting, early warning, and emergency management. This debut reflects Innovyze’s vanguard position in the water industry and its ongoing commitment to delivering pioneering smart water solutions that enhance the safety, reliability and sustainability of the world’s wet infrastructure systems.

Advances in computer simulation and hardware have made real-time operation of stormwater, wastewater, river and combined systems a reality. ICMLive allows both large and small utilities and water authorities to manage their systems more efficiently and effectively than ever before. A powerful risk assessment and real-time decision making tool, it enables managers and operators to consider the influence of a full range of catchment factors in the management of flooding and the reduction of unregulated discharges; the optimization of storage and existing infrastructure, leading to savings on capital works; and the optimization of pumps to lower energy costs and reduce CO2 emissions.

ICMLive is designed to work automatically. Once a system is configured, real-time data is continually and automatically harvested and quality checked. This data can be defined by a number of parameters, including observed and forecast radar rainfall, online water quality measurements, and ancillary structure and pump operation time series. Simulations are run automatically at a user-defined frequency using the full hydrodynamic and technological capabilities of InfoWorks ICM, including one- and two-dimensional modeling techniques, real-time control, dynamic water quality analysis, and GPU-enhanced and remote simulation. Simulation frequency can change in response to user-defined conditions. For example, increased rainfall intensity can trigger a reduction in the interval between simulations.

Warnings or alerts triggered during the forecast period are instantly displayed via the rich ICMLive user interface, allowing system operators to see at a glance which areas need attention and what options might be taken. Comparison alerts can be used to highlight differences between observed and modeled results, enabling users to refine their models — creating unprecedented confidence in simulation results.

ICMLive also allows operators to perform additional scenario analysis simulations, exploring alternative real time control scenarios, such as the impact of switching on a pump earlier than planned, and quickly seeing the effect of these changes on the system. The wide range of capabilities available in ICMLive allow it to be used as a key tool in the decision making process, enabling operators to take action to avoid system issues, release timely alerts, and quickly deploy response teams if necessary.

“Integrated catchment modeling is an invaluable tool for water utility planning, engineering and water quality departments,” said Paul F. Boulos, Ph.D., BCEEM, Hon.D.WRE, Dist.D.NE, F.ASCE, President and Chief Operating Officer of Innovyze. “However, translating these benefits to real-time operations has proven difficult. With ICMLive, Innovyze has changed the paradigm for how and where integrated catchment models can be applied. This milestone solution gives engineering professionals the most advanced and comprehensive toolset available for planning, designing, operating and sustaining safe, reliable and efficient drainage systems while effectively protecting public health and our waterways.”

Pricing and Availability
ICMLive is now available worldwide by subscription. For the latest information on the Innovyze Subscription Program, including availability and purchase requirements, visit www.innovyze.com or contact your local Innovyze Channel Partner.
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69485 2013-01-29T17:06:12Z 2013-10-08T15:36:20Z Ten years of cumulative precipitation

Ten years of cumulative precipitation

January 28, 2013 to Mapping by Nathan Yau

We've all seen rain maps for a sliver of time. Screw that. I want to see the total amount of rainfall over a ten-year period. Bill Wheaton did just that in the video above, showing cumulative rainfall between 1960 and 1970. The cool part is that you see mountains appear, but they're not actually mapped.

The hillshaded terrain (the growing hills and mountains) is based on the rainfall data, not on actual physical topography. In other words, hills and mountains are formed by the rainfall distribution itself and grow as the accumulated precipitation grows. High mountains and sharp edges occur where the distribution of precipitation varies substantially across short distances. Wide, broad plains and low hills are formed when the distribution of rainfall is relatively even across the landscape.

See also Wheaton's video that shows four years of rain straight up.

Is there more recent data? It could be an interesting complement to the drought maps we saw a few months ago. [Thanks, Bill]

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69509 2013-01-29T14:59:30Z 2013-10-08T15:36:21Z How To Run the SWMM 5 Console from the SWMM 5 GUI How To Run the SWMM 5 Console from the SWMM 5 GUI

 

Use the SWMM 5 tools, define the program as the DOS engine or SWMM5.EXE (1), run the tool (2) and see the dos output in the command window of Windows 7 or Windows XP.  It should also be possible to call Matlab and have Matlab call the SWMM 5 program using the SWMM 5 interface.

 

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69573 2013-01-28T14:12:44Z 2013-10-08T15:36:21Z 5 New Messages for Mon 1/28 6:00 AM
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Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) Information for watershed water quality, hydrology and hydraulics modelers (not associated with the EPA) SWMM5 - Stormwater Management Model
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aplication of GIS Hi; I want to know how can I use GIS when I want to make a stomwater cllection model by SWMM? thanks
Mon 01/28 01:26 AM by Fateme Fallah
background for swmm Dear All, I have A CAD map(*.DWG)  that I want to to use it as background of SWMM environment. If I import CAD file  to SWMM, Software is  slowed down and background dimension is appeared in unreal value. Does any body know a way to solve this problem? For example, convert DWG file to inp file. Best Regards Yaser 
Mon 01/28 12:44 AM by yasert
link between Matlab and Autodesk storm and sanitary analysis software Dear all, I am going to link Matlab with  Autodesk storm and sanitary analysis software. Is it possible to do that. Does any body know how I can do that? It should be note that Storm and Sanitary analysis software is capable of import and export SWMM(*.inp ) file. Best Regards Yaser
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69608 2013-01-26T13:18:37Z 2013-10-08T15:36:22Z Outlets in SWMM 5 can have reverse flow Outlets in SWMM 5 can have reverse flow

 

Outlets in SWMM 5 can have reverse flow (1) if the downstream head is greater than the upstream head (2), a flap gate (3) will prevent the flow reversal (4).  An outlet can have both positive and negative flow as long as you do not prevent it by having a flap gate.

 

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69634 2013-01-25T04:43:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:22Z InfoSWMM and InfoSewer Product Pages and Videos
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69660 2013-01-22T17:05:12Z 2016-03-01T20:39:19Z Arizona Tourist Destination Selects InfoSWMM for Advanced Wastewater Network Modeling and Management
Innovyze Press Release
 Insider BlogLinkedInTwitterYouTube
Arizona Tourist Destination Selects InfoSWMM for Advanced Wastewater Network Modeling and Management
Decision Arms Bullhead City with Comprehensive GIS-Centric Solution for Managing its Sewer Infrastructure System
Broomfield, Colorado USA, January 22, 2013 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of wet infrastructure modeling and simulation software and technologies, today announced that Bullhead City, Arizona, has selected the powerful smart drainage modeling solution InfoSWMM to implement system improvements based on the City’s Wastewater Master Plan. The purchase equips Bullhead City Public Works with comprehensive geospatial modeling technology that will allow it to better evaluate and optimize collection system operations and capacity.

Bullhead City, a community of 40,000 located 90 miles of south of Las Vegas in west-central Arizona, is a fast-growing regional tourism destination. It currently operates two major wastewater treatment plants, 15 sewer lift stations, and 190 miles of collection system. The Wastewater Master Plan was established to better address wastewater collection for the growing city. The City also intends to address effluent reuse system issues; plan for future collection, treatment and disposal; and identify, investigate and develop options for maximizing resources.

“Using this sophisticated technology to analyze and optimize our system will be a key factor in achieving our ultimate objectives,” said Bob Leuck, Assistant Public Works Director of Bullhead City. “InfoSWMM’s dependability, functionality and outstanding usability will empower us to better operate and sustain a safe and reliable wastewater system for our customers.”

InfoSWMM is a fully dynamic geospatial wastewater and stormwater modeling and management application that can be used to model the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle as related to urban stormwater and wastewater collection systems. The model can perform single event or long-term (continuous) rainfall runoff simulations that account for climate, soil, land use, and topographic conditions of the watershed.

In addition to simulating runoff quantity, InfoSWMM can also predict runoff quality, including buildup and wash-off of pollutants from primarily urban watersheds. Once runoff quantity and quality are simulated and wastewater loads at receiving junctions are determined, the routing portion of InfoSWMM uses either steady routing, kinematic wave routing or dynamic wave routing to virtually transport this flow through a conveyance system of pipes, channels, storage/treatment devices, pumps, and hydraulic regulators such as weirs and orifices. The model also features a highly advanced Real-Time Control (RTC) scheme for the operational management of hydraulic structures.

“Bullhead City’s capital plan called for a cost-effective yet powerful tool to address its wastewater infrastructure needs,” said J. Erick Heath, P.E., Innovyze Vice President and Director of Americas Operations. “We are proud that progressive cities like this one continue to recognize our software as the best way to address their water and wastewater infrastructure concerns. We look forward to working with the City as it turns its capital plans into realities.”
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69688 2013-01-18T02:39:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:23Z Stopping Tolerance in InfoSWMM, H2OMAP SWMM and SWMM5 Internal Units
Stopping Tolerance in InfoSWMM, H2OMAP SWMM and SWMM5 Internal Units

InfoSWMM, H2OMAP SWMM and SWMM 5 share the same underlying dynamic engine code but one small difference is that InfoSWMM and H2OMAP SWMM allows the user to select the node stopping tolerance instead of always using the default SWMM 5 stopping tolerance of 0.0005  feet.  SWMM 5 uses internal units of feet and shows the output in meters if you are using SI units, as does InfoSWMM and H2OMAP SWMM.  The following table shows how the stopping tolerance translates to inches and millimeters in the engine of a US and SI model.   The smaller the tolerance the larger the number of iterations used during the simulation but using a very small tolerance does not always mean a better simulation.  If possible, for example, with pumps it is better to use a small time step and a medium level tolerance – for example 1 millimeter is a good starting  value, but maybe 2 or 3 millimeters may help if you have a continuity error at a pump node.  
The nodes are considered converged if the depths between successive iterations is less than the stop tolerance of the program (the default stop tolerance is less than the stopping tolerance (Figure 1)

     
Stopping Tolerance
Inches
Millimeters
0.1000000
1.2000000
30.4800000
0.0500000
0.6000000
15.2400000
0.0100000
0.1200000
3.0480000
0.0050000
0.0600000
1.5240000
0.0001000
0.0012000
0.0304800
0.0005000
0.0060000
0.1524000
0.0000100
0.0001200
0.0030480
0.0000500
0.0006000
0.0152400
0.0000010
0.0000120
0.0003048
0.0000050
0.0000600
0.0015240
0.0000001
0.0000012
0.0000305
     

Figure 1  If the node depths between successive iterations are less than the stopping tolerance then the node is considered to be converged.

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69726 2013-01-17T05:17:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:23Z Importing a Link Shapefile into InfoSWMM via GIS Gateway

Importing a Link Shapefile into InfoSWMM via GIS Gateway


Here is how you map the shapefile pipe fields to the InfoSWMM data fields.  One note, you had two diameter fields (feet and inches) and the feet column was mostly zero so I used the inch column.  Here are the four steps and mapping you need to import all of the data from your shapefile.  You will have to use blockedit and convert the diameter from inches to feet in the DB link table (Step 5 – note there are still three missing pipe diameters).

 Step 1.  Use the GIS Gateway command and set up the import of the file name, and ID field

 Step 2. Set up the mapping between the Shapefile fields and InfoSWMM.  We used link offset and the pipe diameter in inches.

Step 3. Load the mapped shapefile

Step 4.  The imported data from your shapefile into the DB table of InfoSWMM

Step 5  Convert to feet from inches

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69749 2013-01-15T17:06:51Z 2013-10-08T15:36:24Z Hawaii’s Largest Utility Adopts InfoWater Smart Water Network Technology
Innovyze Press Release
 Insider BlogLinkedInTwitterYouTube
Hawaiis Largest Utility Adopts InfoWater Smart Water Network Technology
Oahus Board Water Supply Looks to Achieve Optimum Performance with Innovyze Industry-Leading Software
Broomfield, Colorado USA, January 15, 2013 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of wet infrastructure modeling and simulation software and technologies, today announced that the Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) has selected InfoWater to optimize O‘ahu’s municipal water resources and distribution system.
The BWS is the largest municipal water utility in the state of Hawai‘i and provides safe and dependable water service to over a million residents of O‘ahu. The utility manages an intricate system of 94 active potable water sources, 170 reservoirs, and nearly 2,100 miles of pipeline to deliver approximately 150 million gallons of water a day to nearly every community on the island.

“We needed a cost-effective solution that could address all areas of our utility’s operations and infrastructure,” said Ellen Hirayama, P.E., BWS Deputy Manager and Chief Engineer. “InfoWater not only enables us to better manage our vast hydraulic network, but also helps us ensure that we maintain the highest level of water quality and service to our many customers.”

The innovative InfoWater network modeling technology addresses every aspect of water distribution system management, optimization and protection — delivering the highest rate of return in the industry. Built atop ArcGIS (Esri, Redlands, CA) and drawing on the most advanced numerical computation and object-component geospatial technologies, it effortlessly reads GIS datasets and other vital utility systems; corrects network topology problems and data flaws; extracts pertinent modeling information; and automatically constructs, skeletonizes, loads, calibrates and generates optimized solutions with astounding speed. The result is performance modeling that sets new levels of scalability, reliability, functionality and flexibility within the powerful ArcGIS environment.

InfoWater makes this information available to support real-time operations decisions and business processes throughout the enterprise, allowing various departments to work together in deciding on the best actions and decisions. Using these advanced tools, utilities can easily simulate and evaluate various conditions, pinpoint system deficiencies, and determine the most cost-effective improvements to achieve optimum performance, ensure regulatory compliance, and meet new security challenges.

“Innovyze world-class software empowers water utilities to efficiently and cost-effectively manage and maintain their unique water systems,” said J. Erick Heath, P.E., Innovyze Vice President and Americas Business Director. “We are so pleased that InfoWater is the software solution for the BWS and are committed to assisting them in meeting the needs of the people of O‘ahu.”
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69766 2013-01-10T11:20:18Z 2013-10-08T15:36:24Z Climate-proofing cities

Here's just one example, from Singapore:

Singapore's Marina Barrage.RnD.de.PortraitsSingapore's Marina Barrage.

The Marina Barrage and Reservoir, which opened in 2008, is at the heart of Singapore's two-billion-dollar campaign to improve drainage infrastructure, reduce the size of flood-prone areas, and enhance the quality of city life. It has nine operable crest gates, a series of enormous pumps, and a ten-thousand-hectare catchment area that is roughly one-seventh the size of the country. The system not only protects low-lying urban neighborhoods from flooding during heavy rains; it also eliminates the tidal influence of the surrounding seawater, creating a rainfed supply of freshwater that currently meets ten percent of Singapore's demand. More over, by stabilizing water levels in the Marina basin the barriers have produced better conditions for water sports. The Marina's public areas, which include a sculpture garden, a water-play space, a green roof with dramatic skyline vistas, and the Sustainable Singapore Gallery, bolster the city's tourist economy as well.

That's a brilliant way to address two climate impacts -- large precipitation events and rising sea levels -- at once. Singapore has also elevated all access points to its underground subway a least a meter above high-water flood levels. It's also building desalination plants and systems to reuse waste water. It's also burying its power lines.

Engineers at the Dutch firm Arcadis recently proposed a large new sea barrier for north of New York City's Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The price tag: $6.5 billion. And that's just one small piece of the puzzle. All this stuff is prudent, but it's expensive.

Via http://grist.org/climate-energy/climate-proofing-cities-not-something-conservatives-are-going-to-be-good-at/

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69775 2013-01-08T18:37:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:24Z Tampa Bay Water Chooses InfoWater for Water Infrastructure Modeling and Management
 
Large Florida Utility Switches to Innovyze Smart Water Technology
Tampa Bay Water Chooses InfoWater for Water Infrastructure Modeling and Management
Broomfield, Colorado USA, January 8, 2013 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of business analytics software and technologies for wet infrastructure, today announced that Tampa Bay Water, a large regional water supply authority in Florida, has adopted the company’s industry-leading InfoWater Suite software as its standard water modeling, design, and management solution. The software will serve as the foundation for managing and optimizing Tampa Bay Water wholesale drinking water distribution system. 

The selection underscores the value of the company’s geocentric smart water network modeling and design solutions — tools that have made Innovyze a worldwide market leader. Among the reasons cited for the utility’s decision were the software’s many powerful tools, comprehensive functionality, speed, ease of use, flexibility, and seamless ArcGIS (Esri, Redlands, CA) integration.

Tampa Bay Water delivers water to more than 2.3 million people in the Tampa Bay area, including: Hillsborough County, Pasco County, Pinellas County, New Port Richey, St. Petersburg and Tampa.  The system includes over a dozen groundwater pumping and treatment facilities, two surface water sources, a 15.5 billion gallon storage reservoir, a seawater desalination plant, and over 200 miles of water mains. Several of the municipalities that receive wholesale water from Tampa Bay Water also use InfoWater software for hydraulic modeling.

“We chose InfoWater because it integrates seamlessly with our ArcGIS platform, providing the ability to model and analyze the season changes in supply sources and daily demand patterns,” said Suzannah Folsom, Design Project Manager for Tampa Bay Water. “These tools help Tampa Bay Water plan for the future, with increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness in our delivery system.”

Built atop ArcGIS, InfoWater seamlessly integrates sophisticated analytics, systems dynamics, and optimization functionality directly within the ArcGIS setting. The InfoWater product suite comes equipped with everything water utility owner–operators need to best design, operate, secure, and sustain their distribution systems — from fire flow and water quality simulations, valve criticality, and energy cost analysis to pressure zone management and advanced Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm optimization. In addition, the software serves as a base platform for advanced smart network modeling, operational, capital planning, and asset management extensions. These critical applications include IWLive (real-time operations and security),InfoWater UDF (unidirectional flushing), CapPlan (risk-based capital planning), InfoMaster and InfoMaster Mobile (asset integrity management and condition assessment), InfoWater MSX (multispecies, temperature, and particle transport/deposition modeling), InfoWater BTX (event/particle backtracking), InfoSurge(surge/transient analysis), and Sustainability (carbon footprint calculation).

“We continue to invest in best-of-breed GIS-centric modeling and design solutions that are easy to implement and use, because they give our customers a significant business edge,” said J. Erick Heath, P.E., Innovyze Vice President—Business Director, Americas. “Utilities that are leaders in their field, like Tampa Bay Water, continue to upgrade to the power of Innovyze products because they deliver consistent, high-fidelity engineering GIS modeling results, enhanced efficiency, and cost-effective project plans. These advantages lead to measurable improvements in productivity, system performance, return on investment, and customer satisfaction — and ultimately, greater success.”
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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69788 2013-01-02T03:33:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:24Z How to Compile SWMM 5 in Visual Studio 2010 Express

How to Compile SWMM 5 in Visual Studio 2010 Express

Download the newest SWMM 5 code(Figure 1) from http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/wq/models/swmm/#Downloads and then make a new directory on your computer. We will call it c:\newSWMM5Code with a subdirectory C:\newSWMMCode\VC2005_DLL  in which the attached vcxproj file is placed.  The source code from the EPA should be placed on C:\newSWMMCode.  You can then open up the file swmm5_ms.vcxproj and make a new SWMM 5 DLL model with your code modifications (if needed). 

Figure 1.  The source code from the EPA for SWMM5.

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69792 2012-12-29T03:48:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:24Z Singapore - Catching Every Drop of Rain

Singapore - Catching Every Drop of Rain

  The source of the map of the rivers of Singapore is the Singapore PUB

As a small island that doesn't have natural aquifers and lakes and with little land to collect rainwater, Singapore needs to maximize whatever it can harvest.

Currently, Singapore uses two separate systems to collect rainwater and used water. Rainwater is collected through a comprehensive network of drains, canals, rivers and stormwater collection ponds before it is channelled to Singapore's 17 reservoirs for storage. This makes Singapore one of the few countries in the world to harvest urban stormwater on a large scale for its water supply.

The newest reservoirs are Punggol and Serangoon Reservoirs which are our 16th and 17th reservoirs. By 2011, the water catchment area has increased from half to two-thirds of Singapore’s land surface with the completion of the Marina, Punggol and Serangoon reservoirs.

With all the major estuaries already dammed to create reservoirs, PUB aims to harness water from the remaining streams and rivulets near the shoreline using technology that can treat water of varying salinity. This will boost Singapore’s water catchment area to 90% by 2060,

The goal is to capture every drop of rain (Figure 1)

Reservoirs

Pandan Reservoir

Kranji Reservoir

Jurong Lake Reservoir

MacRitchie Reservoir

Upper Peirce Reservoir

Lower Peirce Reservoir

Bedok Reservoir

Upper Seletar Reservoir

Lower Seletar Reservoir

Poyan Reservoir

Murai Reservoir

Tengeh Reservoir

Sarimbun Reservoir

Pulau Tekong Reservoir

Marina Reservoir

Serangoon Reservoir

Punggol Reservoir


Rivers

Singapore River

Sungei Kallang

Rochor River

Sungei Whampoa

Geylang River

Sungei Bedok

Sungei Ketapang

Sungei Changi

Sungei Selarang

Sungei Loyang

Sungei Tampines

Sungei Api Api

Sungei Blukar

Sungei Serangoon

Sungei Punggol

Sungei Tongkang

Sungei Pinang

Sungei Seletar

Sungei Khatib Bongsu

Sungei Seletar Simpang Kiri

Sungei Sembawang

Sungei Mandai

Sungei China

Sungei Mandai Kechil

Sungei Peng Siang

Sungei Tengah

Sungei Kangkar

Sungei Buloh Besar

Sungei Jurong

Sungei Lanchar

Sungei Pandan

Sungei Ulu Pandan

Figure 1. Overall Map of Singapore from http://caelanchewthegreat.blogspot.sg/2012/04/geography-aa-2012national-tap-1-water.html

 

 

 

 

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69800 2012-12-27T07:40:28Z 2013-10-08T15:36:24Z Advances in artificial intelligence: deep learning

Advances in artificial intelligence: deep learning

November 25, 2012 – 12:34 am

If you want to keep up with advances in artificial intelligence, the New York Times has an essentialarticle on a recent step forward called deep learning.

There is a rule of thumb for following how AI is progressing: keep track of what Geoffrey Hinton is doing.

Much of the current science of artificial neural networks and machine learning stems from his work or work he has done with collaborators.

The New York Times piece riffs on the fact that Hinton and his team just won a competition to design software to help find molecules that are most likely to be good candidates for new drugs.

Hinton’s team entered late, their software didn’t include a big detailed database of prior knowledge, and they easily won by applying deep learning methods.

To understand the advance you need to know a little about how modern AI works.

Most uses abstract statistical representations. For example, a face recognition system will not use human-familiar concepts like ‘mouth’, ‘nose’ and ‘eyes’ but statistical properties derived from the image that may bear no relation to how we talk about faces.

The innovation of deep learning is that it not only arranges these properties into hierarchies – with properties and sub-properties – but it works out how many levels of hierarchy best fit the data.

If you’re a machine learning aficionado Hinton described how they won the competition in a recent interview but he also puts all his scientific papersonline if you want the bare metal of the science.

Either way, while the NYT piece doesn’t go into how the new approach works, it nicely captures it’s implications for how AI is being applied.

And as many net applications now rely on communication with the cloud – think Siri or Google Maps – advances in artificial intelligence very quickly have an impact on our day-to-day tools.
 

Link to NYT on deep learning AI (via @hpashler)

via Mind Hacks  


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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69325 2012-12-20T23:30:21Z 2013-10-08T15:36:18Z Maximum HGL Head Class in InfoSWMM AND H2OMAP SWMM Maximum HGL Head Class in InfoSWMM AND H2OMAP SWMM

 

You can find the node flood or surcharge maximum occurrence during a simulation in the Junction Summary Report table in InfoSWMM and H2OMAP SWMM (Figure 1)

 

Empty                                   if the Node Head is below or equal to the Lowest Link Connecting  Elevation

Below Link Crown            if the Node Head is below or equal to the Highest Link Connecting Crown

Below Maximum Depth   if the Node Head is below or equal to the Node Invert + Full  Depth.  The column Max Surcharge Height above Crown will also tell you how deep the Surcharge in a Node.

Surchaged                           if none of the above is true.

 

 

Figure 1.  Junction Summary Report in InfoSWMM

 


Figure 2.  Maximum Surcharge Height above Crown Definition

 

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69345 2012-12-18T20:50:43Z 2013-10-08T15:36:18Z Innovyze Announces SCADAMaster for Smart Water Grids, Enabling Real-Time Management and Viewing of SCADA Information

 

Innovyze Announces SCADAMaster for Smart Water Grids, Enabling Real-Time Management and Viewing of SCADA Information

New Product Allows Users to Seamlessly Connect Telemetry Data to Their Innovyze Product Suites 

 

Broomfield, Colorado USA, December 18, 2012 — Innovyze, a leading global innovator of wet infrastructure modeling and simulation software and technologies, today announced the worldwide release of SCADAMaster. This new real-time network data management tool for water distribution and sewer collection systems turns traditional offline analyses into extremely accurate, high-fidelity online network simulations — giving utilities the most cost-effective way of viewing and synthesizing SCADA and other real time telemetry data with network modeling and other enterprise applications.

Despite the widespread availability and use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) or equivalent telemetry systems, water distribution and sewer collection network models are not continuously updated with real-time field data and their applications are generally confined to offline analyses. While these analyses can provide useful information for network design and long-range capital planning applications, they lack the predictive accuracy critical for operational and emergency event management. SCADAMaster provides accurate network performance and operational information from real-time data enabling control room operators to quickly and reliably assess the integrity of the network and respond to upsets, failures, and other non-routine situations.

SCADAMaster extends the utility of smart network modeling to encompass real-time, field data driven simulations and predictive forecasting capabilities. It can be configured in a “read only” mode or one that enables bidirectional communication. When used in conjunction with IWLive and BalanceNet, the solution suite can provide optimized control schemes to the control room for operational review, or send them directly to the SCADA system. This powerful setup enables problems to be detected before they become events, and reduces the risk of system or performance failure.

SCADA systems give utilities real time information about the status of their collection and distribution systems. Most SCADA systems are optimized to provide fast and reliable data directly to the control room — not to the planning level for decision support. SCADAMaster fills this void by cost effectively linking via an OPC UA/DA client to an existing OPC Server via a secure connection and warehousing the data in a configurable SQL Server relational database. SCADAMaster users decide which tags are polled and at what frequency, and are free to design a data warehouse that best fits their organizational needs. (OPC is the most widely used standard for collaboration by a number of leading worldwide automation suppliers working in cooperation with Microsoft. Originally based on Microsoft’s OLE COM [component object model] and DCOM [distributed component object model] technologies, OPC was created to facilitate interoperability by defining a standard set of objects, interfaces and methods for process control and manufacturing automation applications.)

SCADAMaster opens new doors to operational- and engineering-level integration throughout the utility organization,” said Paul F. Boulos, Ph.D., BCEEM, Hon.D.WRE, Dist.D.NE, F.ASCE, President and Chief Operating Officer of Innovyze. “This critical software tool will allow utilities to cost effectively bring the power and accuracy of real-time field data to their water enterprises and jumpstart smart water projects, making the distribution and collection of water more efficient and reliable. It’s another step in our ongoing commitment to delivering superior value to our customers who plan, design, manage, operate, and sustain safe, reliable water and wastewater infrastructure systems.”

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69368 2012-12-16T22:06:04Z 2013-10-08T15:36:19Z InfoSewer Inflow Control for a Pump with a Pump Curve InfoSewer Inflow Control for a Pump with a Pump Curve

 

You can control the pumps in InfoSewer and H2OMap Sewer by using a Pump Control which will control the pump based on:

 

1.       Volume

2.      Level

3.      Discharge

4.     Inflow

5.      Time

 

If you use a By Inflow control the pump speed of the pump is increased or decreased to make the Upstream Wet Well Level Constant (Figure 1) for an exponential 3 point curve

 

Figure 1.  Inflow Control for  PUMP in InfoSewer and H2OMAP Sewer will change the Pump Speed of the pump to make the Wet Well level constant

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69381 2012-12-16T20:52:26Z 2013-10-08T15:36:19Z InfoSewer By Discharge Control for PUMP InfoSewer By Discharge Control for a PUMP

 

You can control the pumps in InfoSewer and H2OMap Sewer by using a Pump Control which will control the pump based on:

 

1.       Volume

2.      Level

3.      Discharge

4.      Inflow

5.      Time

 

If you use a By Discharge control the pump speed of the pump is increased or decreased to pump the incoming Wet Well flow based on the pump rules and the geometry of the Wet Well (Figure 1).

 

Figure 1.  By Discharge Control for  PUMP in InfoSewer and H2OMAP Sewer will change the Pump Speed of the pump to follow the Base Pump Flow Rules.

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69407 2012-12-16T12:58:00Z 2013-10-08T15:36:19Z Inflow Control for PUMP

InfoSewer Inflow Control for a PUMP

 You can control the pumps in InfoSewer and H2OMap Sewer by using a Pump Control which will control the pump based on: 

1.       Volume

2.      Level

3.      Discharge

4.      Inflow

5.      Time 

If you use a By Inflow control the pump speed of the pump is increased or decreased to make the Upstream Wet Well Level Constant (Figure 1).

Figure 1.  Inflow Control for  PUMP in InfoSewer and H2OMAP Sewer will change the Pump Speed of the pump to make the Wet Well level constant

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Robert Dickinson
tag:swmm5.posthaven.com,2013:Post/69421 2012-12-14T17:56:50Z 2013-10-08T15:36:20Z LEGO, Brick by Brick Brick By Brick

Enhanced-buzz-31955-1355155876-6

Chana Joffe-Walt examines Lego's dominance despite their products' high cost and lack of exclusive patent:

Lego goes to great lengths to make its pieces really, really well, according to David Robertson, who is working on a book about Lego. Inside every Lego brick, there are three numbers, that identify exactly what mold the brick came from, and what position it was in in that mold. That way, if there's a bad brick somewhere, the company can go back and fix the mold. For decades this is what kept Lego ahead. It's actually pretty hard to make millions of plastic blocks that all fit together.

Dreher recently sang the praises of the toy company. Tip, The Daily Dish

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Robert Dickinson