Note: Orifice and Weir Flow Computations
The orifice flow calculation proceeds as follows:
1. Initially and whenever the setting (i.e., the fraction opened) changes, flow coefficients for both orifice and weir behavior are computed as follows:
a. For side orifices:
Define Hcrit = h/2 where h is the opening height.
b. For bottom orifices:
i. For a circular orifice, compute area over length (i.e., circumference) as AL = h /4.
ii. For a rectangular orifice compute AL = h*w/(2*(h+w)) where w is the opening width.
iii. Compute Hcrit = Cd*AL/0.414 where Cd is the orifice discharge coefficient.
At step 1b, the critical head for the bottom orifice, where orifice flow turns into weir flow, is found by equating the result of the orifice equation to that of the weir equation
Cd*Area*sqrt(2g)*sqrt(Hcrit) = Cw*Length*sqrt(Hcrit)*Hcrit or
Hcrit = (Cd * Area) / (Cw/sqrt(2g) * Length) The value of Cw/sqrt(2g) for a sharp crested weir is 0.414.
c. Compute the flow coefficients (where A is the area of the opening):
Corif = A*sqrt(2g)*Cd
Cweir = A*sqrt(2g)*Cd*sqrt(Hcrit)
2. During flow routing, compute the degree of inlet submergence (f) and head (H) at the current time step:
a. Define:
H1 = upstream head (from node with higher head),
H2 = downstream head (from node with lower head) ,
Hcrest = elevation of bottom of opening,
Hcrown = elevation of top of opening,
Hmidpt = elevation of midpoint of opening
b. For side orifices:
f = min{1.0, (H1 - Hcrest) / (Hcrown - Hcrest)}
if f < 1.0 then H = H1 - Hcrest,
else if H2 < Hmidpt then H = H1 - Hmidpt
else H = H1 - H2
c. For bottom orifices:
if H2 > Hcrest then H = H1 - H2
else H = H1 - Hcrest
f = min{1.0, H/Hcrit}
3. Compute the flow through the orifice (Q):
if f < 1.0 then Q = Cweir*f^1.5
else Q = Corif*sqrt(H)
4: Villemonte correction
If f < 1.0 and H2 > Hcrest then:
r = (H2 - Hcrest) / (H1 - Hcrest)
Q = Q * (1 - r^1.5)^0.385
Weir Flow Computations
1. Weir head calculations
h1 = Upstream Node Depth + Upstream Invert Elevation
h2 = Downstream Node Depth + Downstream Invert Elevation
If h2 is greater than h1 then the flow is reversed and h2 = h1 and h1 = h2
Weir Crest = Upstream Node Invert Elevation + Weir Offset Depth
Head = h1 – Weir Crest
2. Center Weir flow for Transverse Weirs
Q = Cw * Weir Length * Head^3/2
3. Center Weir flow for Side Flow Weirs
Weir behaves as a transverse weir under reverse flow
Q = Cw * Weir Length * Head^3/2
And under normal flow
Q = Cw * Weir Length * Head^5/3
4. Center Weir flow for V Notch Weirs
Q = Cw * Weir Slope * Head^5/2