Subject: Historical SWMM 5 and SWMM 4 Engines and Examples
The web site has http://swmm5legacycode.ning.com/ historical SWMM 5 installs, SWMM 5 input file examples and SWMM 4 input files and engines. The SWMM 4 engines go back to SWMM 3.5 engines from the 1980’s.
Subject: Link Iterations in the SWMM 5 Dynamic Wave Solution
Each of the links in the SWMM 5 network can use up to 8 iterations to reach convergence during a time step in the dynamic wave solution of SWMM 5. The rules governing the number of iterations are:
1. A minimum of 2 iterations per time step with the 1st iteration NOT using the underrelaxtion parameter of 0.5 (Figure 1)
2. If both the downstream and upstream nodes are converged then the link drops out of the iteration process during the time step (Figure 2)
3. The number of iterations for each link can vary over the simulation from 2 to 8 depending on how fast the flow is changing.
Figure 1. A minimum of two and up to eight iterations per time step in the SWMM 5 dynamic wave solution.
Figure 2. The number of iterations for each link vary through out the simulation with less iterations being used for constant flows.
Subject: How is the St Venant Equation Solved for in the Dynamic Wave Solution of SWMM 5?
An explanation of the four St. Venant Terms in SWMM 5 and how they change for Gravity Mains and Force Mains. The HGL is the water surface elevation in the upstream and downstream nodes of the link. The HGL for a full link goes from the pipe crown elevation up to the rim elevation of the node + the surcharge depth of the node. The four terms are:
dq2 = Time Step * Awtd * (Head Downstream – Head Upstream) / Link Length or
dq2 = Time Step * Awtd * (HGL) / Link Length
Qnew = (Qold – dq2 + dq3 + dq4) / ( 1 + dq1)
when the force main is full dq3 and dq4 are zero and
Qnew = (Qold – dq2) / ( 1 + dq1)
The dq4 term in dynamic.c uses the area upstream (a1) and area downstream (a2), the midpoint velocity, the sigma factor (a function of the link Froude number), the link length and the time step or
dq4 = Time Step * Velocity * Velocity * (a2 – a1) / Link Length * Sigma
the dq3 term in dynamic.c uses the current midpoint area (a function of the midpoint depth), the sigma factor and the midpoint velocity
dq3 = 2 * Velocity * ( Amid(current iteration) – Amid (last time step) * Sigma
dq1 = Time Step * RoughFactor / Rwtd^1.333 * |Velocity|
The weighted area (Awtd) is used in the dq2 term of the St. Venant equation:
dq2 = Time Step * Awtd * (Head Downstream – Head Upstream) / Link Length
The four terms change at each iteration and time step to determine the new flow (Figure 1) based on the two equations:
Denom = 1 + dq1 + dq5
Q = [Qold – dq2 + dq3 + dq4] / Denom
If you look at a table of the values you will see that the terms add up to zero when the flow is constant and to delta Q or the change in Q when the flow is NOT constant (Figure 2).
Figure 1. The four terms define the new flow at each iteration in the dynamic wave solution of SWMM5
Figure 2. The magnitude of the four terms determine the flow at the new iteration and ultimately the new Time Step. If the flow is constant then the value of the term is constant.
Subject: SWMM 5 Precipitation Options
You can have design storms, monitored storms of any length of the time from minutes to centuries, use intensity, volume or cumulative precipitation, use both rainfall and snowfall in the same rain gage depending on temperature, use both time series or external files for the rain gage and have unlimited rain gages with the limitation of one rain gage per subcatchment .
Subject: SWMM 5 Leaping Weir Example
The attached example shows one way how SWMM 5 RTC Rules can be used to have the low flow go down a leaping weir orifice and the high flow go over the weir to the downstream section of the sewer.
